FUW TRENDS IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

(A Peer Review Journal)
e–ISSN: 2408–5162; p–ISSN: 2048–5170

FUW TRENDS IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

EVALUATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN SOIL OF SELECTED URBAN AREAS OF DELTA STATE NIGERIA
Pages: 266-267
O. O. Emoyan, A. Odagwe, S. O. Akporido, P. O. Agbaire, O. G. Tesi and E. E. Akporhonor


keywords: Concentrations, evaluation, PAHs, risk, sources

Abstract

Sixteen Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) grouped as endocrine disruption substances (EDSs) were determined for their concentrations, sources and human health risk. Naphthalene (Nap), acenaphthylene (Acy), acenaphthene (Ace), fluorine (Flu), phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Ant), fluoranthene (Flt), pyrene (Pyr), chrysene (Chr), benzo(a)anthracene (B[a]a), benzo(b)fluoranthene (B[b]f), benzo(k)fluoranthene (B[k]f), benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]p), indeno(1,2,3-cd)perylene (I[123-cd]p), benzo(ghi) perylene (B[ghi]p) and dibenzo(a,h) anthracene (D[ah]a) were analyzed in three urban soils of Agbor, Asaba and Issele-Ukwu, at 0-15 and 16-30 cm depth in wet and dry seasons. After extraction using ultrasonication with hexane and dichloromethane and clean-up, PAHs concentration was measured using gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometer. The concentrations of Ʃ16 PAHs ranged from 178.0 to 787.0 µg/kg and 105.1 to 437.7 µg/kg in wet season and dry season respectively. PAHs concentrations varied significantly (p<0.05) between sites, soil profile and seasons. The Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk values obtained were relatively above the tolerable target risk levels of 10-6 set by the US.EPA, this suggest a potential for human mutagenic and carcinogenic risk in the study area. Source estimates ratios suggest that PAHs were from petroleum, coal, biomass combustion and traffic origin.

References

Abrahams PW 2002. Soils: Their implications to human health. Sci. Total Environ., 291: 1–32. Banger K, Toor GS, Chirenje T & Ma L 2010. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of different land uses in Miami, Florida. Soil & Sediment Contamination, 9: 231-243. Benhaddya ML & Hadjel M 2014. Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in surface soils of HassiMessaoud, Algeria. Environmental Earth Sciences, 71: 1473-1486. Bucheli TD, Blum F, Desaules A & Gustafsson O 2004. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, black carbon, and molecular markers in soils of Switzerland. Chemosphere, 56: 1061 – 1076. CCME 2008. Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Environmental and Human Health: Benzo [a] Pyrene. In: Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Winnipeg, Canada, p. 235. Chahal MK, Toor GS & Brown P 2010. Trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urbanized area of Florida. Soil Sediment Contam., 19: 1-16. Chen L, Ran Y, Xing B, Mai B, He J, Wei X, Fu J & Sheng G 2005. Contents and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in vegetable soils of Guangzhou, China. Chemosphere, 60: 879-890. Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) 2002. Environmental guidelines and standard for the petroleum industry in Nigeria (revised edition. Department of Petroleum Resources, Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Abuja Nigeria. Dong TTT & Lee BK 2009. Characteristics, toxicity and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust of Ulsan, Korea. Chemosphere, 74: 1245-1253. Durant JL 1996. Human cell mutagenicity of oxygenated, nitrated and unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with urban aerosols. Mutat. Res. 371: 123–157. Emoyan OO, Akporhonor EE, Agbaire PO & Akporido SO 2015a. Concentration Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Dept – Wise Soils, Sapele, Nigeria. Int. Res. J. Public & Envtal. Health, 2(6): 70-79. Emoyan OO, Akporhonor EE & Otobrise C 2015b. Comparative correlation investigation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils of different land use: Sources evaluation perspective. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. Int. J. Envtal., Chem., Ecol., Geol. & Geophysical Engr., 9(9): 1126-1131. Fang GC, Chang CN, Wu YS, Fu PPC, Yang IL & Chen MH 2004. Characterization, identification of ambient air and road dust polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in central Taiwan, Taichung. Sci. Total Environment, 327: 135-146. Fraser MP, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT & Rasmussen RA 1997. Air quality model evaluation data for organics. 4. C2-C36 non aromatic hydrocarbons. Envtal. Sci. & Techn., 31: 2356-2367. Gocht T, Moldenhauer KM & Püttmann W 2001. Historical record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals in floodplain sediments from the Rhine River (HessischesRied, Germany). Applied Geochemistry, 16: 1707–1721. Heywood E, Wright J, Wienburg CL, Black HIJ, Long SM, Osborn D & Spurgeon DJ 2006. Factors influencing the national distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in British soils. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40: 7629–7635. Imran H, Kim JG, Kim KS & Park JS 2005. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels from two industrial zones (Sihwa and Banwal) located in An-san City of the Korea Peninsula and their influence on lake. J. Appl. Sci. & Envtal. Mgt., 9(3): 63-69. Iwegbue CMA, Obi G, Aganbi E, Ogala JE, Omo-Irabor OO & Martincigh BS 2016. Concentrations and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of an urban environment in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Toxicol. & Envtal. Health Sci., 8(3): 221-233. Jerkins BM, Jones AD, Turn SQ & Williams RB 1996. Emission factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from biomass burning. Envtal. Sci. & Techn., 30: 2462-2469. Johnsen AR, Wick LY & Harms H 2005. Principles of microbial PAH-degradation in soil. Environmental Pollution, 133: 71-84. Kavouras IG, Koutrakis P, Tsapakis M, Lagoudaki E, Stephanou EG, Von Baer D & Oyola P 2001. Source apportionment of urban particulate aliphatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using multivariate methods. Envtal. Sci. & Techn., 35: 2288-2294. Khalili NR, Scheff PA & Holsen TM 1995. PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and gasoline engines, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 9(4): 533-542. Kumar B, Tyagi J, Verma VK, Gaur R & Sharma CS 2014. Concentrations, source identification and health risk of selected priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in residential street soils. Advances in Appl. Sci. Res., 5(3):130-139. Larsen JC & Larsen PB 1998Chemical carcinogens. In: EE Hester & RR Harrison (Eds). Air pollution and Health. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, pp. 33-56. Larsen RK & Baker JE 2003. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: a comparison of three methods. Envtal. Sci. & Techn., 37: 1873-1881. Li A, Jang JK & Scheff PA 2003. Application of EPA CMB8.2 model for source apportionment of sediment PAHs in Lake Calcumet, Chicago. Envtal. Sci. & Techn., 37: 2958-2965. Li X, Ma L, Liu X, Fu S, Cheng H & Xu X 2006. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soil from Beijing China. J. Environ. Sci. 18: 944-950. Mai BX, Qi SH, Zeng EY, Yang QS, Zhang G, Fu JM, Sheng GY, Peng PA & Wang ZS 2003. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the coastal region off Macao, China: assessment of input sources and transport pathways using compositional analysis. Environmental Science and Technology, 37: 4855 – 4863. Man YB, Kang Y, Wang HS, Lau W, Li H, Sun X L, Geisy JP, Chow KL & Wong MH 2013. Cancer risk assessments of Hong Kong soils contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Journal Hazardous Material, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhaznat.2012.11.067. Meharg AA, Wright J, Dyke H & Osborn D 1998. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) dispersion and deposition to vegetation and soil following a large scale chemical fire. Environmental Pollution, 99: 29 – 36. Morello E, Romero AS, Madrid L, Villaverde J & Maquedo C 2008. Characterization and sources of PAHs and potentially toxic metals in urban environments of Sevilla (Southern Spain). Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 187: 41-51. Morillo E, Romero AS, Madrid L, Villaverde J & Maqueda C 2008. Characterization and sources of PAHs and potentially toxic metals in urban environments of Sevilla (Southern Spain). Water Air Soil Pollution, 187: 41–51. New York States Department of Health (NYS DOH) 2007. Hopewell precision area contamination: Appendix C-NYS DOH, In: Procedure for evaluating potential health risks for contaminants of concern. Okoro D & Ikolo OA 2007. Spatial variation and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiopia, 21(3): 331-340. Olajire AA, Alade AO, Adeniyi AA & Olabemiwo OM 2007. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soils and water from the vicinity of Agbabu bitumen field of Southwestern, Nigeria. J. Environ. Sci. Health A Tox Hazard Subst. Environ Eng., 42(8): 1043-1049. Olajire AA, Altenburger R, Küster E & Brack W 2005. Chemical and ecotoxicological assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated sediments of the Niger Delta, Southern Nigeria. The Science of the Total Environment, 340: 123–136. Olawoyin R, Grayson RL & Okareh OT 2012. Eco-toxicological and epidemiological assessment of human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Toxicol. Envtal. Health Sci., 4(3): 173-185. Parrish ZD, Banks MK & Schwab AP 2004. Effectiveness of phytoremediation as a secondary treatment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in composted soil. Int. J. Phytoremediation, 6(2): 119-137. Peng C, Chen WP, Liao XL, Wang M, Ouyang Z, Jiao W & Bai Y 2011. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of Beijing: Status, sources, distribution and potential risk. Environmental Pollution, 159: 802–808. Petruzzelli G, Gorini F, Pezzarossa B & Pedron F 2010. The fate of pollutants in soil. In: Environmental Health Inter-department Project. Eds: Fabrizio B, Liliana C, Pier FM. Consglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Roma, pp. 1-31. Pies C, Yang Y & Hofmann T 2007. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in floodplain soils of the Mosel and Saar River. Journal of Soil Sediments, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/jss2007.06.233. Sartori F, Wade TL, Sericano JL & Mohanty BP 2010. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil of the Canadian River floodplain in Oklahoma. J. Environ. Qual., 39: 568–579. Simcik MF, Eisenreich SJ & Lioy PJ 1999. Source apportionment and source/sink relationships of PAHs in the coastal atmosphere of Chicago and Lake Michigan. Atmospheric Environment, 33(30): 5071-5078. Sojinu OS, Wang JZ, Sonibare OO & Zeng EY 2010. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and soils from oil exploration areas of the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 174: 641-647. Sojinu OS, Sonibare OO & Zeng EY 2012. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of a mangrove forest affected by forest fire. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 93(4): 450 – 461. Tesi GO, Iwegbue CMA, Emuh FN & Nwajei GE 2016. Ladgo Dam floods disaster of 2012: An assessment of the concentrations, sources and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in floodplain soils of the lower reaches of River Niger, Nigeria. J. Envtal. Quality, 45: 305-314. Trapido M 1999. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Estonia soil: contamination and profiles. Environmental Pollution, 105: 67-74. Uko E.D & Tamunobereton-Art I 2013. Variability of Climatic Parameters in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. J. Emerging Trends in Engr. & Appl. Sci., 4(5): 727-730. USDOE (United States Department of Energy) 2011. The Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS); U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge Operations Office (ORO): Oak Ridge, TN, USA. USEPA 1993. Risk–based concentration Table. US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 111 (Third Quarter). USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) 2009. Risk assessment guidance for superfund. Volume 1: Human Health Evaluation Manual (F, supplemental guidance for Inhalation Risk Assessment) EPA/540/R/070/002, Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, Washington, DC. USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) 1989. Risk Assessment guidance for superfund, Vol. 1: Human health Evaluation Manual EPA/se0/1-89/002, office of solid waste and emergency Response, Washington, DC. USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2001. Risk assessment guidance for superfund. Volume 1: Human evaluation Manual (Part E, Supplemental guidance for defined risk assessment). EPA/540/R/99/005.7. Washington, DC, USA: Office of Emergency and Remedial response, United states Environmental Protection Agency. USEPA (2007). Testing methods for evaluating solid waste, physical and chemical methods, method 3550C; ultra-sonication extraction. USEPA, Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/solidwaste/hazard/testmethods/ sw846/pdfs/3550c.pdf on May 30, 2014 USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) 2011. Regional Screening Level Table (RSL) for Chemical Contaminants at Superfund Sites. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, USA. USEPA 2010. Regional screening levels (RSL) summary tables. http://www.epa.gov/risk/risk-based-screening-table-generic-tables (accessed 21 April, 2017). Valentin L, Nousiainen & Mikkonen A 2013. Introduction to organic contaminants in soil: concepts and risks. In: Emerging Organic Contaminants in Sludges: Analysis, Fate and Biological Treatment. Hand Book of Environmental Chemistry, 24: 1-29. Vane CH, Kim AW, Beriro DJ, Cave MR, Knights K, Moss-Hayes V & Nathanail PC 2014. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in urban soils of Greater London, UK. Appl. Geochem., 51: 300-314. Wan X, Chen J, Tian F, Sun W, Yang F & Saiki K 2006. Source apportionment of PAHs in atmospheric particulates of Dalian: factor analysis with nonnegative constraints and emission inventory analysis. Atmospheric Environment, 40: 6666-6675. Wang XT, Miao Y, Zhang, Y., Li, Y.C., Wu, M.H. & Yu, G. (2013). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils of the megacity Shanghai: Occurrence source apportionment and potential human health risk. Sci Tot Environ., 447: 80–89. Wenzl T, Simon R, Kleiner J & Anklam E 2006. Analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) infood and the environment needed for new food legislation in the European Union. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 25(7): 716-725. Yang B, Xue N, Zhou L, Li F, Cong X, Han B, Li H, Yan Y & Liu B 2012. Risk assessment and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils of Huanghuai plain, China. Ecotoxicity & Environmental Safety, 84: 304-310. Yang T, Ligouis B, Pies C, Achten C & Hofmann T 2006. Slow and very slow desorption of PAHs from river floodplain soils: Coal and coal-derived particles. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 8:03626. Retrieved from http://meetings.copernicus.org/www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU06/03626/EGU06-J-03626.pdf Yang Y, Woodward LA, Li QX & Wang J 2014. Concentrations, sources and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from Midway Atoll, North Pacific Ocean. PLoS ONE, 9(1), e86441. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0086441. Yu G, Zhang Z, Yang G, Zheng W, Xu L & Cai Z 2014. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soil of Hangzhou, status, distribution, sources and potential risk. Environ. Monit. Assess. 186: 2775-2784. Yunker MB, Macdonald RW, Vingarzan R, Mitchell RH, Goyette D & Sylvestre S 2002. PAHs in the Fraser River basin: A critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Organic Geochemistry, 33: 489–515. Zhang X, Cheng S, Zhu C & Sun S 2006. Microbial PAH-degradation in soil: Degradation Pathways and Contributing Factors. Pedosphere, 16(5): 5655-5665. Zhang HB, Luo YM, Wong MH, Zhao QG & Zhang GL 2006. Distribution and concentrations of PAHs in Hong Kong soil. Environmental Pollution, 141: 107-114.

Highlights